===CHAPTER XIX ：OF THE SEVERAL KINDS OF COMMONWEALTH BY?

INSTITUTION, AND OF SUCCESSION繼承 TO THE SOVEREIGN POWER

In monarchy there is this inconvenience麻煩/不便; that any?

subject被統(tǒng)治者, by the power of one man, for the enriching of a?

favourite or flatterer諂媚者, may be deprived of all he possesseth; which?

I confess is a great and inevitable inconvenience.?

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But the same may as well happen, where the sovereign power is in?

an assembly:for their power is the same; and they are as subject?

to evil counsel, and to be seduced引誘 by orators演說(shuō)家, as a monarch?

by flatterers; and becoming one another's flatterers, serve?

one another's covetousness貪婪 and ambition by turns輪流地.

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And whereas the favourites of monarchs, are few, and they have?

none else to advance提拔 but their own kindred親族; the favourites of an?

assembly, are many;and the kindred much more numerous, than of any monarch.?

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Besides, there is no favourite of a monarch, which cannot as well?

succour救助 his friends, as hurt his enemies: but orators演說(shuō)家,?

that is to say, favourites of sovereign assemblies, though they have?

great power to hurt, have little to save. For to accuse, requires?

less eloquence口才 (such is man's nature) than to excuse; and?

condemnation譴責(zé), than absolution more resembles像/類似于 justice.?

There is no perfect form of government, where the disposing安排

of the succession is not in the present sovereign.

In a democracy, the whole assembly cannot fail, unless the multitude?

that are to be governed fail. And therefore questions of the right?

of succession繼承, have in that form of government no place at all.?

The greatest difficulty about the right of succession, is in?

monarchy君主制: and the difficulty ariseth from this, that at first?

sight, it is not manifest who is to appoint the successor繼任者;?

nor many times, who it is whom he hath appointed.?

Without any representative in whom?

they should be united, and be capable of doing any one action at all:?

and therefore they are incapable of election of any new monarch;

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every man having equal right to submit himself to such as he?

thinks best able to protect him; or if he can, protect himself by?

his own sword;?

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which is a return to confusion, and to the condition?

of a war of every man against every man, contrary to the end?

for which monarchy had its first institution.?

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Therefore it is manifest, that by the institution of monarchy,?

the disposing安排 of the successor, is always left to the judgment?

and will of the present possessor.