正文翻譯

What are the history of Indian railways?

印度鐵路的歷史是怎樣的?

評(píng)論翻譯

Sourindra Laha
Indian Railways is the living legacy of the Britishers. The first commercial rail may run between Bombay and Thane, but the first Railways in India was used by the Britishers in present Uttrakhand. The first train in the country had run between Roorkee and Piran Kaliyar on December 22, 1851 to temporarily solve the then irrigation problems of farmers, large quantity of clay was required which was available in Piran Kaliyar area, 10 km away from Roorkee. This made the first way for our present Railway system. Later in 1852, prior to the first commercial run of the train in India, Britishers broke the Western Wall of Shahjhanabad, to lay down the rail lines from the fort to the then developing Delhi Cantonment. But this thing is very less known to the people. Because of being a Military movement for the British Colonial Government.
History of Associations: 1845, along with Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Hon. Jaganath Shunkerseth (known as Nana Shankarsheth) formed the Indian Railway Association. Eventually, the association was incorporated into the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and Jeejeebhoy and Shankarsheth became the only two Indians among the ten directors of the GIP railways. As a director, Shankarsheth participated in the very first commercial train journey in India between Bombay and Thane on 16 April 1853 in a 14 carriage long train drawn by 3 locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib. It was around 21 miles in length and took approximately 45 minutes.

印度鐵路是英國(guó)人留下的不朽遺產(chǎn)。第一條商業(yè)鐵路可能在孟買和塔那之間運(yùn)行，但印度的第一條鐵路是由英國(guó)人在現(xiàn)在的北阿坎德邦使用的。1851年12月22日，該國(guó)第一列火車在魯爾基和皮蘭卡利亞爾(Piran Kaliyar)之間運(yùn)行，以暫時(shí)解決當(dāng)時(shí)農(nóng)民的灌溉問(wèn)題，需要大量粘土，而這些粘土在距離魯爾基10公里的皮蘭·卡利耶爾地區(qū)可以得到。這為我們現(xiàn)在的鐵路系統(tǒng)開(kāi)辟了第一條道路。1852年晚些時(shí)候，在印度的第一次商業(yè)列車運(yùn)行之前，英國(guó)人推倒了Shahjhanabad堡的西墻，鋪設(shè)從堡壘到當(dāng)時(shí)正在開(kāi)發(fā)的德里軍營(yíng)的鐵路線。但是這件事很少為人們所知。因?yàn)檫@是英國(guó)殖民政府的軍事運(yùn)動(dòng)。
協(xié)會(huì)歷史：1845年，賈格納特·尚克塞斯閣下（又名Nana Shankarsheth）與Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy爵士一起成立了印度鐵路協(xié)會(huì)。最終，該協(xié)會(huì)被并入大印度半島鐵路公司，Jeejebhoy和Shankarsheth成為大印度半島鐵路公司十名董事中僅有的兩名印度人。作為一名董事，Shankarsheth于1853年4月16日乘坐一列14節(jié)車廂長(zhǎng)的列車參加了印度孟買和塔那之間的第一次商業(yè)列車旅行，該列車由由三輛分別命名為Sultan、Sindh和Sahib的火車頭牽引。該鐵路線長(zhǎng)約21英里，耗時(shí)約45分鐘。

But actually at that present time Calcutta was the capital of British India, hence was first decided to operate the first Railways in India from Calcutta, now Kolkata. But the ship which sailed from Britain to India, somehow met with a fateful accident and hence get submerged in the deep ocean waters. And hence the first contract of Railways went to Bombay/Mumbai now.
The Railway Companies: After the formation of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), opened in 1853, between Bombay and Thane. The East Indian Railway Company was established 1 June 1845 in London by a deed of settlement with a capital of ￡4,000,000, largely raised in London. The Great Southern India Railway Co. was founded in Britain in 1853 and registered in 1859. Construction of track in Madras Presidency began in 1859 and the 80-mile lix from Trichinopoly to Negapatam was opened in 1861. The Carnatic Railway founded in 1864, opened a Madras-Arakkonam-Kancheepuram line in 1865. The Great Southern India Railway Company was subsequently merged with the Carnatic Railway Company in 1874 to form the South Indian Railway Company.

但實(shí)際上，當(dāng)時(shí)加爾各答是英屬印度的首都，因此首先決定從現(xiàn)在的加爾各答運(yùn)營(yíng)印度的第一條鐵路。但是這艘從英國(guó)駛往印度的船，不知怎的遭遇了一場(chǎng)致命的事故，因此被淹沒(méi)在了深海中。因此，鐵路公司的第一份合同給了孟買。
鐵路公司：大印度半島鐵路（GIPR）成立后，于1853年在孟買和塔那之間開(kāi)通。東印度鐵路公司于1845年6月1日在倫敦根據(jù)契約成立，資本為400萬(wàn)英鎊，主要在倫敦籌集。大南印度鐵路公司于1853年在英國(guó)成立，并于1859年注冊(cè)。馬德拉斯管轄區(qū)的軌道建設(shè)始于1859年，從特里奇諾波利到奈伽帕塔姆(Negapatam)的80英里長(zhǎng)的鐵路于1861年開(kāi)通?？{蒂克鐵路成立于1864年，于1865年開(kāi)通了馬德拉斯-阿拉科南-坎奇普蘭線。大南印度鐵路公司隨后于1874年與卡納蒂克鐵路公司合并，成立了南印度鐵路有限公司。

Expansion of British Indian Railways: A British engineer, Robert Maitland Brereton, was responsible for the expansion of the railways from 1857 onwards. The Allahabad-Jabalpur branch line of the East Indian Railway had been opened in June 1867. Brereton was responsible for lixing this with the GIPR, resulting in a combined network of 6,400 km (4,000 mi). Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta. This route was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that "it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system".
Hence in between, when the Railways were expanding itself in India, Britishers launched there first elite train, East Indian Mail in 1866, between Calcutta and Simla. This train later went on to become the oldest train in Indian Railways and the train with most no of coaches.Not to mention now known as Kalka Mail.
Then came the first luxurious train of India, the Imperial Mail. At that time this train is just like the present day Palace on Wheels.

英屬印度鐵路的擴(kuò)建：1857年起，英國(guó)工程師羅伯特·梅特蘭·布里爾頓（Robert Maitland Brereton）負(fù)責(zé)鐵路的擴(kuò)建。東印度鐵路的阿拉哈巴德-賈巴爾普爾支線于1867年6月開(kāi)通。布里爾頓（Brereton）負(fù)責(zé)將其與大印度半島鐵路（GIPR）連接起來(lái)，形成了一個(gè)6400公里（4000英里）的綜合鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)。因此，從孟買直接前往加爾各答成為可能。這條路線于1870年3月7日正式開(kāi)通，是法國(guó)作家儒勒·凡爾納（Jules Verne）的《八十天環(huán)游世界》一書的靈感來(lái)源之一。在啟動(dòng)儀式上，總督梅奧勛爵總結(jié)道，“人們認(rèn)為，如果可能的話，應(yīng)盡早在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)鋪設(shè)統(tǒng)一系統(tǒng)的鐵路網(wǎng)絡(luò)”。
因此，在這期間，當(dāng)鐵路公司在印度擴(kuò)張時(shí)，英國(guó)人于1866年在加爾各答和西姆拉之間開(kāi)通了第一列精英列車“東印度郵政（East Indian Mail）”。這列火車后來(lái)成為印度鐵路中最古老的火車，也是車廂最少的火車。更不用說(shuō)現(xiàn)在被稱為“卡爾卡”(Kalka Mail)號(hào)特快列車了。
然后是印度的第一列豪華火車“皇家郵政”。在那個(gè)時(shí)候，這列火車就像現(xiàn)在車輪上的宮殿。

Later stage: By 1875, about ￡95 million were invested by British companies in India. By 1880 the network had a route mileage of about 14,500 km (9,000 mi), mostly radiating inward from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896, sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railways. In 1900, the GIPR became a British government owned company. The network spread to the modern day states of Assam, Rajasthan, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and soon various independent kingdoms began to have their own rail systems. In 1901, an early Railway Board was constituted, but the powers were formally invested under Lord Curzon. It served under the Department of Commerce and Industry and had a government railway official serving as chairman, and a railway manager from England and an agent of one of the company railways as the other two members. For the first time in its history, the Railways began to make a profit.
Revenues: The period between 1920 and 1929 was a period of economic boom. Following the Great Depression, however, the company suffered economically for the next eight years. The Second World War severely crippled the railways. Trains were diverted to the Middle East and later, the Far East to combat the Japanese. Railway workshops were converted to ammunitions workshops and some tracks (such as Churchgate to Colaba in Bombay) were dismantled for use in war in other countries. By 1946 all rail systems had been taken over by the government

后期：到1875年，英國(guó)公司在印度投資了大約9500萬(wàn)英鎊。到1880年，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)的路線里程約為14500公里（9000英里），主要從孟買、馬德拉斯和加爾各答三個(gè)主要港口城市向內(nèi)輻射。到1895年，印度開(kāi)始建造自己的火車頭，并于1896年派遣工程師和火車頭幫助建造烏干達(dá)鐵路。1900年，大印度半島鐵路（GIPR）成為英國(guó)政府所有的公司。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴(kuò)展到現(xiàn)代的阿薩姆邦、拉賈斯坦邦、特倫甘納邦和安得拉邦，很快各個(gè)獨(dú)立王國(guó)開(kāi)始擁有自己的鐵路系統(tǒng)。1901年，成立了早期的鐵路委員會(huì)，但這些權(quán)力是在寇松勛爵的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下正式授予的。它隸屬于商務(wù)部和工業(yè)部，由一位政府鐵路官員擔(dān)任主席，另外兩位成員是一位來(lái)自英國(guó)的鐵路經(jīng)理和一家鐵路公司的代理人。鐵路公司有史以來(lái)第一次開(kāi)始盈利。
收入：1920年至1929年期間是經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期。然而，在大蕭條之后，該公司在接下來(lái)的八年里遭受了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)使鐵路嚴(yán)重癱瘓。火車被轉(zhuǎn)移到中東，后來(lái)為了與日本人作戰(zhàn)又被轉(zhuǎn)移到遠(yuǎn)東。鐵路車間被改建為彈藥車間，一些軌道（如孟買的從教堂門站到克拉巴站）被拆除，用于其他國(guó)家的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。到1946年，所有的鐵路系統(tǒng)都被政府接管了

Later Developments: In 1904, the idea to electrify the railway network was proposed by W.H White, chief engineer of the then Bombay Presidency government. He proposed the electrification of the two Bombay-based companies, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and the Bombay Baroda and Central India Railway (now known as CR and WR respectively).
Collapsing of Railways: With the arrival of World War I, the railways were used to meet the needs of the British outside India. With the end of the war, the railways were in a state of disrepair and collapse. Large scale corruption by British officials involved in the running of these railways companies was rampant. Profits were never reinvested in the development of British colonial India. In 1920, with the network having expanded to 61,220 km (38,040 mi), a need for central management was mooted by Sir William Acworth. Based on the East India Railway Committee chaired by Acworth, the government took over the management of the Railways and detached the finances of the Railways from other governmental revenues.The period between 1920 and 1929 was a period of economic boom; there were 41,000 mi (66,000 km) of railway lines serving the country; the railways represented a capital value of some 687 million sterling; and they carried over 620 million passengers and approximately 90 million tons of goods each year.

后來(lái)的發(fā)展：1904年，時(shí)任孟買總統(tǒng)府總工程師W.H White提出了鐵路網(wǎng)電氣化的想法。他提議對(duì)兩家總部位于孟買的公司進(jìn)行電氣化改造，即大印度半島鐵路和孟買巴羅達(dá)鐵路和印度中部鐵路(現(xiàn)在分別被稱為CR和WR)。
鐵路崩潰：隨著第一次世界大戰(zhàn)的到來(lái)，鐵路被用來(lái)滿足英國(guó)在印度以外的需求。隨著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)束，鐵路處于失修和坍塌的狀態(tài)。參與這些鐵路公司運(yùn)營(yíng)的英國(guó)官員的大規(guī)模腐敗十分猖獗。利潤(rùn)從未再投資于英國(guó)殖民地印度的發(fā)展。1920年，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)擴(kuò)展到61220公里（38040英里），威廉·阿克沃斯爵士提出了中央管理的必要性。在阿克沃斯主持的東印度鐵路委員會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)上，政府接管了鐵路的管理工作，并將鐵路的財(cái)務(wù)與其他政府收入分離。1920年至1929年期間是經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)期；有41000英里（66000公里）的鐵路線為該國(guó)服務(wù)；鐵路的資本價(jià)值約為6.87億英鎊；它們每年運(yùn)送超過(guò)6.2億名乘客和大約9000萬(wàn)噸貨物。

Following the Great Depression, the railways suffered economically for the next eight years. The Second World War severely crippled the railways. Starting in 1939, about 40% of the rolling stock including locomotives and coaches was taken to the Middle East. The railway workshops were converted to ammunition workshops and many railway tracks were dismantled to help the Allies in the war. By 1946, all railway systems had been taken over by the government.
The British Colonial Railways went to this state from a huge revenue collecting company to a debt ridden company. After the World War 2 British Colonial Railways lost 151 Billion Dollars.
Reason for shutdown: For the need of the British forces and it allies, about 1573 km of railway line was dismantled, almost all the locomotives were taken to the middle east for the services there. All the Railway Workshops were either closed or converted into ammunition factory. While the rolling stocks were dismantled for the need of metals in the war. Moreover the crippling corruption that has taken over the Railway system was also the one of the prime factor for the crippling of the Railways in India.

大蕭條之后，鐵路在接下來(lái)的八年里遭受了經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)使鐵路嚴(yán)重癱瘓。從1939年開(kāi)始，包括火車頭在內(nèi)的大約40%的鐵路車輛被運(yùn)往中東。鐵路車廂被改建為彈藥車間，許多鐵軌被拆除，以幫助盟軍參與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。到1946年，所有的鐵路系統(tǒng)都被政府接管了。
英國(guó)殖民地鐵路公司（British Colonial Railways）從一家龐大的稅收公司發(fā)展成為一家負(fù)債累累的公司。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，英國(guó)殖民地鐵路公司損失了1510億美元。
停運(yùn)原因：為了英國(guó)軍隊(duì)及其盟友的需要，大約1573公里的鐵路線被拆除，幾乎所有的火車頭都被送往中東，在那里服役。所有的鐵路車間不是關(guān)閉了就是改成了彈藥廠。由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)需要金屬，鐵路車輛被拆除了。此外，接管鐵路系統(tǒng)的嚴(yán)重腐敗也是印度鐵路癱瘓的主要因素之一。