How do firms manage financial risk是企業(yè)如何管理財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的意思，是FRM一級考試中的知識，考生一定要熟記！

1. The Role of the Board of Directors (risk management goal)

a. Management and the board need to set and communicate the firm' s risk appetite.

b. The board may wish to implement definitive and quantitative risk limits within which management is allowed to transact at its own discretion.

2. The Process of Mapping Risk (next step)

a. Mapping risks could be performed for market risk, credit risk, business risk, and operational risk

b. Hedging Operational (income statement activities) and Financial Risks (balance sheet)

3. Risk Management Instruments:

devised internally & Exchange-traded versus over-the-counter (OTC) instruments

1、董事會的作用（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理目標(biāo)）

a、管理層和董事會需要設(shè)定和溝通公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好

b、董事會可能希望實(shí)施明確的定量風(fēng)險(xiǎn)限額，允許管理層自行決定在該限額內(nèi)進(jìn)行交易

2、繪制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)圖的過程（下一步）

a、 可以對市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行映射

b、 對沖操作（損益表活動(dòng)）和財(cái)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表）

3、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理工具：

設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)部交易與場外交易（OTC）工具