「釋義」

安慰劑效應(yīng)指病人雖然獲得無效的治療，但卻“預(yù)料”或“相信”治療有效，而讓病患癥狀得到舒緩的現(xiàn)象。

安慰劑效應(yīng)于1955年由畢闕博士（Henry K. Beecher）提出。一個(gè)性質(zhì)完全相反的效應(yīng)亦同時(shí)存在：反安慰劑效應(yīng)(nocebo effect)：病人不相信治療有效，可能會(huì)令病情惡化。

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「應(yīng)用場景」

HBR: 聽起來像是安慰劑效應(yīng)。

You’re describing it as a placebo effect.

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是的。醫(yī)學(xué)上，安慰劑是一種不含任何有效成分的制劑，能起到跟藥物制劑一樣的效果。最近很多研究表明，心理安慰劑能改變?nèi)藗兊男膽B(tài)，緩解人們生理上的疼痛。比如，一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，酒店女服務(wù)員在知道自己的工作量相當(dāng)于做了很多種運(yùn)動(dòng)后，體重下降得更多。在另一項(xiàng)研究中，喝奶昔的研究對象被告知攝入620卡路里，而非140卡路里（實(shí)際是380卡路里），結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)他們產(chǎn)生了更多調(diào)節(jié)食欲的腦腸肽。我們指的不是行為上有意識的改變，大多數(shù)人根本不知道腦腸肽的存在。這些都是由非傳統(tǒng)安慰劑導(dǎo)致的無意識改變。我們把這一觀點(diǎn)延伸到睡眠領(lǐng)域。

Yes, in medicine, a placebo is a nonactive drug that achieves the same effect as an active one. Many recent studies have shown that psychological placebos—getting people to shift their mind-set—can affect physiology in the same way. There’s one, for example, that showed that hotel maids lost more weight after learning their duties were equivalent to various exercises. Another found that milkshake drinkers produced more of the gut peptides that regulate appetite when told they were consuming an indulgent 620 calories rather than a sensible 140 calories. (The actual calorie count was 380.) We’re not talking about conscious changes in behavior here; I mean, most people don’t even know they have gut peptides. These are unconscious changes prompted by nontraditional placebos. We’ve extended the idea into the area of sleep.

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HBR：非傳統(tǒng)安慰劑還有哪些？比如說？

What are some other examples of nontraditional placebos?

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迷信。人們在兩件事情之間建立一種虛幻的聯(lián)系，本質(zhì)上是為自己制造安慰劑。尤其是熱身賽、揮桿、射擊前的例行動(dòng)作，當(dāng)然也有一些更加隨機(jī)的迷信，比如幸運(yùn)球或者幸運(yùn)帽，這些都有助于提高表現(xiàn)。

Superstitions. People make an illusory correlation between two things, in essence creating their own placebo. And often—especially with pre-game, pre-swing, or pre-shot routines but also with more-random superstitions like a lucky ball or cap—it can boost performance.

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以上文字選自《哈佛商業(yè)評論》中文版2014年9月刊《睡眠的“認(rèn)知療法”》

克里斯蒂·埃達(dá)爾（Kristi Erdal）丨文

馬冰侖?丨編輯?