實(shí)用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：時(shí)態(tài)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，現(xiàn)在分詞1
時(shí)態(tài)
兩個(gè)維度：時(shí)間和觀(guān)點(diǎn)（也叫動(dòng)體，即動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行方式）
一共16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)：一個(gè)時(shí)間與一個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)的配合就是一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)
?
1. 9個(gè)基本時(shí)態(tài)：
?
?
2. 跨時(shí)間的時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去將來(lái)
?
3. 跨時(shí)間且包含觀(guān)點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)
過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
?
4. 包含兩個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)——兩個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)必須是完成和進(jìn)行
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
?
5. 跨時(shí)間且包含兩個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)
過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
?
?
?
動(dòng)詞的分類(lèi)
4個(gè)類(lèi)別：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
?
?
非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
4個(gè)類(lèi)別：不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞
?
?
現(xiàn)在分詞
動(dòng)詞-ing形式作動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，具有名詞性質(zhì)；作現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)，具有形容詞、副詞性質(zhì)
現(xiàn)在分詞的功能：
1. 作表語(yǔ)
表情緒，主語(yǔ)是事物：
His experience in the tropical forest was exciting.
The gift Isaac sent me was surprising.
His love to his wife and family is touching.
?
2. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)
與賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
Do you smell something burning?
I heard her arguing with her mother-in-law just now.
I found him standing still in the rain.
?
3. 作定語(yǔ)
表情緒，前置。
Prof. Zhang can bring the boring content to a brilliant experience, so we all like his class.
Please give me a most convincing excuse.
He had a fritening dream last night.
分詞與名詞可以構(gòu)成事物名詞，注意與動(dòng)名詞相區(qū)別。如果被修飾的名詞是-ing形式是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，則是現(xiàn)在分詞；沒(méi)有則是動(dòng)名詞。
swimming girl（girl is swimming，現(xiàn)在分詞）
swimming pool（pool is not swimming，動(dòng)名詞）
sleeping beauty（beauty is sleeping，現(xiàn)在分詞）
sleeping bag（bag is not sleeping，動(dòng)名詞）
現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，后置，等同于定語(yǔ)從句。
Please turn down the radio. There is a child sleeping in the bedroom.
The dog running towards me is named Billy.
Can you tell me the exact number of guests coming to our home?
?
4. 作狀語(yǔ)
置于句首或句尾，表時(shí)間、原因、方式、條件、結(jié)果、伴隨、讓步等
（1）時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
Crossing the road, the old man was knocked over by a car.
Having received his letter, I decided to write back.
Hearing the teacher’s voice, the boy quickly pretended to be reading.
?
待續(xù)
