題目：The Deep Historical Roots of Organization and Strategy: Traumatic Shocks, Culture, and Institutions（Organization Science 2018）

摘要：We argue that organizations have deep roots in traumatic societal shocks that long preceded their founding. Drawing from the strategic management and social science literatures,we explain howtraumatic shocks, such as conflict, disease, and natural disaster, can alter the institutional and cultural paths that determine future business environments. Historical shocks can help clarify the origin of cultural and institutional differences and help provide causal inference about why these differences are correlated with organizational structure and strategy. We explain specific cultural and institutional mechanisms through which historical traumatic shocks persist as well as specific organizational factors influenced by these mechanisms. We also provide guidance on key approaches for empirically linking traumatic shocks with modern firms as well as common identification problems in these methods. Our approach clarifies a path for clarifying theory on how culture and institutions shape firms and how management scholars might anticipate the evolution of market?development following emerging traumatic shocks

• We argue that traumatic shocks even centuries before a firm’s founding can influence its organizational structure and strategy by shaping the trajectory of the formal institutions and culture that North (1990, p. 3) called “the rules of the game” of the business environment.

• We first define our concept of traumatic shocks and explain how they can disrupt the historical paths of societies in ways that persist to the modern business environment. We then present specific cultural and institutional mechanisms likely to transmit these shocks across decades and centuries. We then provide empirical strategies for researchers seeking to link historical traumatic shocks to modern firm characteristics while highlighting identification concerns common in these studies. Finally, we present examples of early work in management and the social sciences, as well as promising opportunities for future work.